Dab Tsi Yog Yam Xws Li Tshuab

Cov txheej txheem:

Dab Tsi Yog Yam Xws Li Tshuab
Dab Tsi Yog Yam Xws Li Tshuab

Video: Dab Tsi Yog Yam Xws Li Tshuab

Video: Dab Tsi Yog Yam Xws Li Tshuab
Video: Tsis muaj yam dab tsi yuav khuv sim li txoj kev hlub Cover Maiv Phương 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub, kev tsim kho engineering yog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv engineering, kev tshaj lij thiab pab tswv yim rau kev txhim kho thiab kev npaj ntawm cov txheej txheem kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim khoom, kom ntseeg tau tias ib txwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho cov chaw, kev tsim khoom thiab muag khoom thiab kev pabcuam. Kev pabcuam hauv engineering yog muab los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab tsim txuj ci tsim khoom thiab kev tsim kho thiab chaw tsim khoom.

Kev tsim kho tshuab
Kev tsim kho tshuab

Qhov rov tshwm sim ntawm lub tswvyim

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv koos pis tawj muaj nyob rau tebchaws Askiv tiam ib nrab xyoo 19th ntawm xyoo pua. Thaum lub sijhawm, Britain yog lub tebchaws tshaj lij thev naus laus zis thiab kev paub tab thiab cov kev pabcuam ntawm engineers tau nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav tau zoo. Kev thov yug los muab kev pabcuam: cov kws ua haujlwm ib tug los ntawm ib qho, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov koomhaum, pib muag lawv cov kev pabcuam rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom rau kev tsim kho cov chaw ua haujlwm tshiab thiab cov nroj tsuag, ntxiv rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm. Lub sijhawm ntawd, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm engineering txhais tau tias muab kev pabcuam rau kev tsim kho, kho dua tshiab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw tsim khoom.

Kev cuam tshuam tshiab rau txoj kev tsim kho tshuab tau muab los ntawm tus nqi siab ntawm kev tsim kho uas tau ua hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe tom qab qhov kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg. Qhov kev xav tau kho dua tshiab thiab tsim cov chaw tshiab loj hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv cov tebchaws tsim, ua rau muaj kev thov rau kev pabcuam engineering rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw loj turnkey. Feem ntau, cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tsis tsuas yog kev pab hauv kev tsim kho, tab sis kuj yog kev ua haujlwm, hauv kev qhia lawv cov kws tshwj xeeb. Yog vim li ntawd qhov ntau ntawm cov kev pabcuam engineering tau nthuav dav thiab ntxiv, thiab kev ua lag luam rau cov kev pabcuam zoo li no tau muab faib rau hauv tsev thiab thoob ntiaj teb, cov haujlwm thiab tsis tseem ceeb.

Los ze zog rau xyoo 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, muaj kev xav tau kev kaw lus thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev pabcuam ua haujlwm engineering, suav nrog cov neeg thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv kev teb rau qhov xav tau no, United Nations Economic Commission rau Tebchaws Europe tau tsim ntau txoj cai ntsig txog kev pabcuam engineering.

Niaj hnub nimno engineering

Tam sim no, cov lus "engineering" thiab "kev tswj hwm qhov project" tau cuam tshuam zoo rau ntawm lub tswv yim theoretical thiab qib siv. Engineering kawm ntau zaus to taub raws li kev tswj tib yam, tab sis nrog txoj kev xav ntxaum ntxaws hauv cov ncauj lus. Hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev ua ub no, kev tsim kho tshuab yuav yog nyiaj txiag, kev tsim kho, kev lag luam thiab lwm yam. Los ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm nws cov haujlwm, engineering tau muab faib ua pawg raws li hauv qab no:

  • pre-project engineering kawm txog kev ua lag luam muaj peev xwm, ua kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam rau kev tsim ntau lawm, ua cov kev tshawb fawb hauv engineering, txhim kho cov phiaj xwm kev txhim kho hauv nroog thiab cov chaw hauv cheeb tsam, thauj thiab lwm qhov chaw tsim khoom, tawm tswv yim thiab saib xyuas cov haujlwm sau tseg;
  • qhov project engineering nthuav tawm cov txheej txheem kos duab thiab tswv yim, kwv yees tus nqi ntawm qhov project, txhim kho kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tsim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev lossis qauv qauv, cov ntaub ntawv kos duab, cov txheej txheem kev qhia tshwj xeeb thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau siv rau kev ua tiav, muab kev sab laj thiab kev saib xyuas kev pab cuam rau cov npe ua haujlwm;
  • post-project engineering yog txuam nrog kev npaj cov ntawv cog lus rau kev tsim cov haujlwm, nrog lub koom haum kev sib tw, kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas kev tsim kho, nrog kev coj ua ntawm kev lees txais daim ntawv pov thawj thiab kuaj cov khoom, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev tsim kho thiab cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem rau cov khoom tiav lawm, nrog kev cob qhia ntawm engineering thiab cov kws tshaj lij kom ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw ua tiav, nrog ntau yam haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub chaw no;
  • cov kev pabcuam ntxiv uas muaj feem ntsig txog cov tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua hom phiaj.

Cov kws ua ntau yam

Hom kev tsim kho no txhais tau rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov kev pabcuam rau kev ncaj ncees, tsim thiab ua tiav ntawm txoj haujlwm, suav nrog kev muab ntau yam thev naus laus zis thiab kev hloov pauv tshiab, cov khoom siv thiab khoom siv, ua haujlwm ntawm kev xa cov tsev lossis cov qauv ntawm ib qho kev hloov kho. Cov. Lub complex engineering haumxeeb muaj xws li:

  1. Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov kev lag luam tshwj xeeb thiab cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov chaw tsim. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub tsev rau khoom yog tsim, qhov chaw nkag mus rau nws tau txheeb xyuas, thiab lwm yam.
  2. Kev tsim kho thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov ntawv ua vaj tsev, ua haujlwm txheej txheem thiab cov phiaj xwm npaj rau kev ua lub tsev lossis qauv.
  3. Kev txhawb nqa tag nrho cov tswv yim thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm tsim, ua haujlwm hloov chaw rau hauv chaw ua haujlwm, koomhaum txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm qhov chaw.

Kev tsim kho engineering

Cov ntsiab lus no txhais tau hais tias txhua hom kev ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim kho cov chaw lag luam thiab chaw nyob, nrog rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam thiab nroog.

Piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam, kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv engineering ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav cov chaw tsim khoom cog hauv tsev kom ze cov chaw tsim khoom, suav cov kev thauj mus los yooj yim rau hauv lub chaw, thiab kev sib cog zoo hauv kev cog ntoo. Cov.

Nyiaj txiag yam xws li tshuab

Hauv kev tsim kho, kev siv nyiaj txiag tsim khoom qhia txog nws tus kheej hauv kev ntsuas tus nqi ntawm ib qhov haujlwm, hauv kev txhim kho ntawm txhua qhov kev tsim qauv thiab kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv rau ib qho khoom, hauv kev tswj hwm thiab kev saib xyuas kev siv cov nyiaj uas tau faib rau kev tsim kho, hauv kev tshaj tawm cov nyiaj siv.

Hauv kev tsim khoom, kev siv nyiaj txiag tsim kho cov phiaj xwm rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam, kwv yees kwv yees rau lub sijhawm tom ntej (rau lub hlis tom ntej, xyoo, thiab lwm yam), ua pov thawj ntawm cov nqi ntxiv rau cov cuab yeej tshiab, txhawb nqa. Engineering tau soj ntsuam tas li thiab tshuaj xyuas txhua yam tsis pub dhau ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, saib xyuas nyiaj txiag thiab kev saib xyuas txhua yam txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.

Muaj tshuab kev lag luam

Hom kev tsim vaj tsev no suav daws kev daws teeb meem ntawm txhua qhov teeb meem: npaj kev sib txuas ntawm chav ua haujlwm thiab tuam tsev tsim khoom, ntawm cov koom haum tswj hwm thiab cov chaw zov me nyuam, ntawm cov chaw soj ntsuam thiab cov tsim tawm, ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov lag luam.

Tuam tsev ncaj qha thiab rov tsim kho dua

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txua hluav taws xob ncaj qha thiab kev rov tsim kho sib txawv hauv qhov ncaj qha engineering muaj nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho thiab kev coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tshiab, hom kev lag luam tshiab, thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev coj cov khoom tshiab mus rau tom khw.

Kev rov kho yog txheej txheem tsim los tsom rau kev sib sib zog nqus thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas twb muaj lawm hauv ib qho chaw ua haujlwm lossis koom haum. Ib qho kev txhim kho hauv qib ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam raws li kev tshawb xyuas tob ntawm cov haujlwm yav dhau los thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.

TRIZ-yam xws li tshuab

TRIZ yog lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev daws teeb meem. TRIZ-engineering - kev kawm keeb kwm-kev tsim kho kev tsim kho tshuab raws li kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi ntsuas. Nws feem ntau siv thaum ua cov haujlwm tshiab.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm yam xws li tshuab thiab qauv tsim

Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm engineering thiab kev tsim zoo tib yam yog muaj cov kev txawj ntse tshiab, cov tswv yim lag luam hauv kev siv qhov project. Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub phiaj xwm hauv lub neej raug daws txhua lub sijhawm nrog kev koom tes ntawm ib yam tshiab. Ntxiv mus, cov kev nqis peev txuj ci no yuav txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv thiab tsim kho lawv tus kheej yav tom ntej.

Txhua yam ntawm hom kev tsim kho engineering ib txwm muaj tus txheej txheem multidisciplinary, yog li ntawd, ntau tus kws tshaj lij ntawm ntau yam haujlwm tau koom nrog kev daws teeb meem:

  • cov neeg ua haujlwm scientific;
  • kev khwv nyiaj txiag;
  • cov neeg tsim tsev;
  • kws lij choj;
  • engineers;
  • cov neeg txawj ntse;
  • thev naus laus zis;
  • txawj sau ntawv;
  • cov khoom siv xa khoom;
  • cov kws pab tswv yim, thiab lwm yam.

Kev pabcuam hauv engineering yog muab los ntawm cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb, tab sis feem ntau lawv tseem tuaj yeem muab cov tuam txhab tsis yog, feem ntau yog muag cov cuab yeej.

Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm ntau lub chaw lag luam muaj peev xwm zoo ib yam. Qhov no tso cai rau lub tuam txhab engineering hloov txoj kev tau thaum lub sij hawm siv los ntawm ib qhov rau lwm qhov. Ntxiv mus, txhua lub sijhawm ua tau zoo thiab theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm kom ua tiav siab dua thiab siab dua. Txawm li cas los xij, rau txhua tus neeg siv, lub tuam txhab engineering tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm ib leeg, coj mus rau hauv qhov kev xav tau ntawm tus neeg siv khoom, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws txoj kev lag luam thiab lwm yam.

Engineering ua ib txoj haujlwm

Qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws yog tias tsis muaj kev tshaj lij ntawm "engineering" lossis "tus kws tshaj lij". Nws tsis muaj npe nyob rau hauv "Cov npe ntawm Cov Neeg Muaj Kev Kawm Siab Qib Siab" lossis hauv "Nomenclature ntawm Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Tshwj Xeeb Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm".

Thaum lub sijhawm teeb kev tsim kho xyoo 2005-2011. hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, muaj ib qho tsis txaus rau cov kws tshaj lij nrog kev sib xyaw nrog kev paub txog engineering thiab kev ua lag luam, lossis cov thawj coj zoo nrog kev nkag siab tob ntawm cov cheeb tsam. Cov kws tshaj lij nrog kev kawm qib siab hauv kev tsim kho thiab ib qho kev tswj hwm thib ob tau mus rau engineering.

Tam sim no, muab qhov kev thov rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv engineering, ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv Lavxias tau qhia txog kev ua haujlwm engineering hauv nws ntau hom (kev tsim kho, engineering, nyiaj txiag, thiab lwm yam).

Xav txog qhov tseeb tias cov tsev kawm ntawv qib tsis tsim kev npaj tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv engineering, lawv lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov lag luam yog ua los ntawm cov phiaj xwm tswj hwm. Thiab, nyob ntawm seb hom kev lag luam, lawv cov haujlwm tau muab npe sib txawv:

  • hauv kev tsim khoom: cov thawj coj thiab tus tswj hwm phiaj xwm, cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov engineers;
  • hauv cov koom haum tsim, thawj engineers;
  • nyob rau hauv cov khw muag khoom loj: cov thawj coj, cov thawj tswj kab, tus thawj coj ntawm qhov haujlwm.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev coj ua thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tsim kho tshuab, tau ntev los lawm ntau lub tshuab rau kev cob qhia thiab ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev tswj hwm. Cov muaj npe tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:

  • Lub Chaw Haujlwm Tswj Xyuas Txoj Haujlwm (PMI);
  • Kev Koom Tes Tswj Kev Kawm Hauv Ntiaj Teb (IPMA);
  • Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) rau kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev siv tshuab computer thiab lwm yam.

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